Rise Of Jazz Essays - Jazz Genres, African-American Music

Rise Of Jazz The Rise of Jazz Throughout this paper I will take you through some of the different styles and eras of jazz. Such styles as be-bop, cool jazz, dixeland, swing, and fusion emerged define jazz music. Along with these different styles there were important eras that molded jazz music, such eras as the golden ages, and the swing era. Jazz is a kind of music that has often been called the only art form to originate in the United States. The history of jazz began in the late 1800's. The music grew from a combination of influences, including black American music, African rhythms, Americans band tradition and instruments, and European harmonies and forms. Much of the best jazz is still written and performed in the United States. But musicians from many other countries are making major contributions to jazz. Jazz was actually widely appreciated as an important art in Europe before it gained such recognition in the United States. What differentiated jazz from these earlier styles was the widespread use of improvisation, often by more than one player at a time. Jazz represented a break from western musical traditions, where the composer wrote a piece of music on paper and the musician then tried their best to play exactly what was on the score. In a Jazz piece, the song is often just a starting point for the musicians t o improvise around. Few of the early jazz musicians knew how to read written music although the majority of the musicians did not. African Americans and Creole musicians in New Orleans played the first jazz music. Charles ?Buddy? Bolden is considered to be the first real jazz musician. His band ? The Bolden Band,? started playing around 1895, in New Orleans parades and dances, they eventually became one of the most popular bands in the city. In 1907 he became very ill and was committed into a mental hospital where he spent the rest of his life. Frankie Dusen, the trombonist of the ?Bolden Band?, took over the band and renamed it the ?Eagle Band? and they were very popular until about 1917.This sound of jazz music was classified as dixieland jazz. From this original style of dixieland jazz many other styles of jazz emerged. One of these new styles that emerged was swing. Swing is the jazz style that emerged during the early 1930s and emphasized big bands. It spilled into the late 1940s and then remained popular in recordings, film, and television music long after its main proponents had disbanded. Most swing-style groups had at least 10 musicians and featured at least three or four saxophones, two or three trumpets, two or three trombones, piano, guitar, bass violin, and drums. Guitarists, bassists and drummers offered repeating rhythms that were sufficiently simple, buoyant, and lilting to inspire social dancers, the style's largest audience. Musicians strove for large, rich tone qualities on their instruments. Solo improvisers did not seek intricacy in their lines so much as lyricism and a hot, confident feeling that was rhythmically compelling. For these reasons, the musical period of the 1930s and 1940s has been called the swing era and big-band era. Not all dance music played by big bands of the 1930s and 1940s was jazz. A large segment of the p ublic, however considered almost any lively, syncopated popular music to be jazz. The BeBop era, 1944-1955, represents for many the most important period in jazz history; several consider it the time when musicians began stressing artistic rather than commercial concerns, put new ways ahead of the old ways, and looked toward the future instead of paying tribute to the past. Others view bebop as jazz's ultimate dead end, the style that instituted seriousness and elitism among the fraternity stripped jazz of its connection with dance, and made it impossible for anyone except hard-core collectors, academics, and other musicians to enjoy and appreciate the music. But it's undeniable jazz changed forever during the bebop years. Cool jazz followed bop but was entirely different in mood, in its approach to arranging, and even in its choices of instrumentation. In this era, which began in 1947, many instruments were used in jazz for the first time. Softer-sounding instruments, unamplified, created

Italian Indefinite Pronouns (Pronomi Indefiniti)

Italian Indefinite Pronouns (Pronomi Indefiniti) Like indefinite adjectives (aggettivi indefiniti), in Italian indefinite pronouns (pronomi indefiniti) refer in general (rather than specific) terms to persons, places, or things without specifying the noun which they replace. Italian indefinite pronouns that can function as both pronouns and adjectives include: The regular indefinite pronouns (gli indefiniti regolari), i.e., those that have both a singular and plural form as well as a masculine and feminine form. alcuno- anyalquanto- somewhataltro- morecerto- somediverso- differentmolto- veryparecchio- somepoco- littletaluno- someonetanto- sotroppo- tootutto- allvario- various Di questi vasi alcuni sono grandi, altri piccoli.Some of these vessels are big, others are small. Diversi lasciarono la scuola definitivamente.Several left the school permanently. Molti sono partiti subito, certi il martedà ¬, solo pochi rimasero.Many left immediately, some on Tuesday, and only a few remained. Troppi parlano senza riflettere.Too many (people) talk without thinking. E non sa ancora tutto.He (she) still does not know everything. NOTE! The term tale/tali (such), which can function as both a pronoun and an adjective, only has a singular and plural form. The indefinite pronouns that have only a singular form. uno- aciascuno- eachnessuno- nobody, no one Venne uno a darci la notizia.Someone came to give us the news. A ciascuno il suo.To each his own. Nessuno ha preparato la colazione.No one has prepared the breakfast. Italian indefinite pronouns that function only as pronouns include: The indefinite invariable pronouns (gli indefiniti invariabili). alcunchà ©- anythingchecchà ©- whateverchicchessia- anyone, anybodychiunque- anyoneniente- nothingnulla- nothingqualcosa- something Non cà ¨ alcunchà © di vero in cià ² che dici.There is no truth in what you say. Checchà © tu ne dica, farà ² come credo.Whatever you may say (about it), I will do as I believe. Non dirlo a chicchessia.Do not tell anyone. A chiunque mi cerchi, dite che tornerà ² domani.If anyone is looking for me, tell them that Ill be back tomorrow. Niente di tutto cià ² à ¨ vero.None of this is true. Non serve a nulla gridare.There is no use shouting. Ha dimenticato di comprare qualcosa, ne sono sicuro!He forgot to buy something, Im sure! The indefinite pronouns that have only a singular form. ognuno- eachqualcuno- someone Ognuno à ¨ responsabile di sà © stesso.Everyone is responsible for himself. Qualcuno chiami un medico.Someone call a doctor. The indefinite pronouns nessuno, ognuno, chiunque, and chicchessia refer only to people: Nessuno (nobody, no one), when it precedes the verb, is used alone; when it follows the verb it is always reinforced by the negation non, which is placed before the verbal form. Nessuno puà ² condannarlo.No one can condemn him. Mio fratello non vide arrivare nessuno.My brother did not see anyone coming. Ognuno (everyone, everybody; each) is used to refer to each individual of a collection or group. Desidero parlare con ognuno di voi.I want to talk with each of you. Chiunque (anyone) is invariable and corresponds to qualunque persona (che); it can serve both as subject and complement (in two different clauses). È un libro che consiglio a chiunque abbia senso dellumorismo.It is a book that I recommend to anyone with a sense of humor. Chicchessia (anyone, anybody), infrequently used, corresponds to chiunque. Riferiscilo pure a chicchessia.Report it also to anyone. The indefinite pronouns qualcosa, niente, nulla, alcunchà ©, and checchà © are used only to refer to things: Qualcosa means one or more things. Per cena, qualcosa preparerà ².I will prepare something for dinner. Ti prego, dimmi qualcosa.Please tell me something. NOTE! The term qualcosa come corresponds to the expression allincirca (roughly). Ho vinto qualcosa come tre milioni.I won something like three million. Niente and nulla, negative indefinite pronouns (pronomi indefiniti negativi), mean nothing; if either term follows the verb they are accompanied by the negation non (which is placed before the verbal form). Niente à ¨ successo.Nothing happened. Non à ¨ successo niente.Nothing happened. Alcunchà © (anything), infrequently used, corresponds to qualcosa; in negative sentences it means nothing. Cera alcunchà © di curioso nel suo incedere.There was nothing strange in his gait. Non dire alcunchà © di offensivo.Do not say anything offensive. Checchà © (whatever), an obsolete form, is a compound pronoun (one indefinite and one relative); it has the meaning of anything that and serves as subject and complement. Checchà © Luigi dica, non mi convincer.Whatever Louis says, he couldnt convince me. The indefinite pronouns uno, qualcuno, alcuno, taluno, ciascuno, altro, troppo, parecchio, molto, poco, tutto, tanto, alquanto, and altrettanto are used to refer to people, animals, or things: Uno (a) indicates a person, animal, or thing in a generic way. Linformazione me lha data uno che non conosco.The information was given to me by someone I do not know. NOTE! Uni (the plural form of the pronoun uno) is used in conjunction with altri in phrases such as: Gli uni tacevano, gli altri gridavano.Some were silent, others were shouting. Qualcuno indicates a single person or a small amount, both for people as well as for things. Qualcuno mi ha telefonato, ma non so chi.Someone called me, but I do not know who. A qualcuno questo non piacer affatto.Some will not like it at all. Ne ho qualcuno di queste riproduzioni.I have some of these reproductions. NOTE! Essere qualcuno means to appear (from anonymity). È qualcuno nel suo campo.It is someone in your field.

Strong Report Card Comments for Language Arts

Strong Report Card Comments for Language Arts A comment on a report card is meant to provide additional information about the students progress and level of achievement. It should give the parent or guardian a clear picture of what the student has accomplished, as well as what he has to work on in the future. It can be hard to think of a unique comment to write on each students report card. To help you find the right words, use this compiled list of language arts report card comments. Positive Comments Use the following phrases to make positive comments regarding students’ progress in language arts. Reads eagerly during silent timeMakes good use of our classroom libraryUses text and pictures to predict and confirmElects to read or look at books during free timeChooses to write during classroom free timeTakes home books from our classroom libraryShares his written work with the whole classAnalyzes characters actionsAnalyzes story plotsCompares books to others by the same authorHas many interesting story ideasHas well-developed characters in her storiesHas a good attitude about booksRecognizes high-frequency wordsProduces oral reports that demonstrate knowledge and research skillsShows increasing confidence and competence in...Uses approximations for spelling, which is very appropriate at this timeUses beginning and ending sounds to identify wordsSpells many difficult wordsUses correct grammarWrites legiblyWorks to make her handwriting legibleContributes at our brainstorming sessionsListens as well as shares during classroom discussionsCommunicates with accuracyCompares and contra sts similar and dissimilar ideas Chooses suitably challenging reading materialRetells stories in correct sequenceReads with expressionWorks on the editing processSelf-corrects Needs Improvement On those occasions when you need to convey less-than-positive information on a report card, use the following phrases. Cannot predict story outcomes with confidenceHas difficulty with high-frequency wordsDoes not use our classroom libraryDoes not choose books or writing as an activity for free timeDoes not edit work carefullyUnwilling to rewrite or make changes in written workHas trouble sitting while listening to a storyReluctant to speak in front of the group or whole classShows some attention to print, but mostly makes up meanings from picturesHas trouble sitting while listening to a storyReluctant to speak in front of the groupGets discouraged when...Has a limited vocabularyDoesn’t seem to enjoy books or stories to readLacks sight vocabularySpeech development may be hindering correct spellingHesistant to read stories to the classWants to talk instead of listen to others share their ideasStill making many reversals of letters, words, and phrases

Fences (play) by August Wilson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fences (play) by August Wilson - Essay Example he name of the play comes from the request made by Rose that Tory and Cory build a fence around their backyard which seems to represent her wish to keep the family together. It also shows her desire to keep those whom she loves close to her within the same house even if they are not really willing or able to stay with her. Despite these wishes of a perfect family oriented life, Rose is not someone who lives in the dream world since she is quite a realist in her expectations. The backdrop of the drama is taking place against race issues and the development of the idea of being African American while living with all the prejudice and hatred one has to suffer as an African American. In this sense, Rose does not have a longing for better days to come or a nostalgic approach which is displayed by other characters. She accepts what she has been given in life and the role she has to play in the world is very clear to her since she is a mother and wife to the best of her abilities. She is certainly trying to improve her condition through practical and available means such as asking her son and husband to build a fence for her but she does not seek out things which might be too much to ask for from the world. In fact, the only thing she does seek quite strongly is a bright future for her own son. She supports his decision to play football and supports him fully in his struggle to be a player that can overcome the barriers placed before him due to his race. As further proof of her compassion, she accepts the illegitimate child of her husband with open arms even though she does not forgive her husband for cheating on her. This reflects the nurturing and sensitive side of her nature and it does certainly add to her character as a mother figure. As a mother figure, Rose certainly goes through her trials and tribulations the least of which is coming to terms with seeing the proof of her husband’s faithlessness in front of her. However, it is her mother instinct which takes

Quantitative Techniques in Business as Expressed from the Analysis of Essay

Quantitative Techniques in Business as Expressed from the Analysis of Samsung and Apple Companies - Essay Example The companies have to ensure that the products are of high quality and meet the needs of their customers. Other factors that determine the loyalty of customers to different brands include involvement of the customer in the product and the switching pof costs between brands. It is thus the duty of the top management in any organization to ensure that they apply their skills and expertise in identifying these factors. Owing to this, it has been found that some businesses are able to perform better than others. Most of the successes attributed to some of the companies are currently related to their application of new technologies and not just the efficiency of their operations. Academics and business people have applied the concept business model in determining and providing a comparison of how business both within the same sector and different sectors operate. These models help to establish what a business does and the activities they engage in to do such things. Consequently, they act as vital tools in the analysis of the financial performance of different companies. A healthy competitive environment between two companies within the same sector is most of the time influenced by the level of aggression and aggressiveness. There is an interesting competition majorly between Smartphone giants like Samsung and Apple. They produce Smartphones in an industry that is characterized by rapid development in technology and short product life (Xun Lin, et al., 2010). The manufacture of mobile phones and operations in developing companies are creating pressure on Smartphone

McGregor’s Theory X and Y Essay Example for Free

McGregor’s Theory X and Y Essay The foundation of McGregor’s theory has direct links to Taylor’s study of scientific management: a study of scientific management as a link between human beings and their jobs which in turn need to be re-constructed to maximise efficiency (Waddell et al. 2007, p. 43). Many researchers and scholars have developed theories based on the work of F.W. Taylor. McGregor, Maslow and others who assisted to improve the view of human relation tried to prove that there is another side to the traditional perspective of workers (Bartol and Martin 1998, p. 52).This literature review will be focusing on the evolution of McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y in relation to the development of management theory. Moreover will be explaining the definition of X and Y theory and its relevance to 21st century. McGregor proposed two contrasting sets of managerial assumptions about the workers. He further examined taking Taylor’s traditional view of workers and Mayo’s human relation approach into consideration, which he labelled Taylor’s view as ‘Theory X’ and as Mayo’s view as ‘Theory Y’ (Montana and Charnov 2000, p. 25). [ (Stephen P.Robbins) ] However, ‘both these theories have the common definition of functions of manager: management is responsible for organising the elements of productive enterprise- money, materials, equipment, and people- in the best interest of economic ends’. Main differences in these two theories are the assumptions (Urwick 1970, p .1). McGregor with his experience as a manager and as a psychologist, observed the behaviour and attitude of the workers (Daft.2003, p. 47). According to Kopelman, Prottas and Davis (2008, p 1) Theory X represents that workers generally dislike work, are irresponsible, ar e lethargic and require close supervision. In contrast, Theory Y denotes that individuals are generally creative, innovative, accept responsibility and believe work is a natural activity. Furthermore, his observations on the classical and the behavioural approaches to understanding workers were found different. He paired up his theories to the work of Abraham Maslow, where he compared the higher needs put forward by Abraham Maslow such as self-actualization, to a Theory Y leadership style, and lower needs such as physiological and safety, to the Theory X leadership style (Bartol and Martin 1998, p. 51). Theory X is referred to as optimistic and Theory Y as pessimistic (Montana and Charnov 2000, p 26), others labeled Theory X as negative and Theory Y as positive (Robbins et al.1998, p 202) and according Schein (1970, p.5) McGregor called Theory X as â€Å"hard approach† and Theory Y as â€Å"soft approach†. According to McGregor (1960, p. 33-35), the assumptions of Theory X are that individuals by nature do not like to work and will avoid it if possible. Furthermore, human beings do not want responsibility and desire precise guidance. Additionally, the workers put their own concerns above that of the organization and by nature they are resistant to changes. Finally, human beings are taken for granted to be easily manipulated and controlled. According to Boddy and Paton (1998, p. 201) it is of practice with Theory X philosophy to include time registration, supervision, quality checked by a superior as assigned in job description. The main focus of Theory X is that of external control, by systems, procedures or supervision. They believed that managers who accepted Theory X view would be inconsiderate in accepting aptitude of a normal human being (Boddy and Paton 1998, p. 200). Managers who assign to Theory X are expected to practice authoritarian style (Lewis, Goodman and Fandt 1998, p. 56). By contrast, Theory Y has assumptions which is completely opposite of Theory X. As per Theory Y, work is natural, and tries to occupy them actively and enjoy too. Furthermore, workers do not require detailed supervision and they are self-motivated. Additionally, it assumes that they work innovatively and creatively. If people are given a chance to prove their competency they are ambitious to solve problems and help their organizations meet their goals (McGregor 1960, p. 47-48). Managers who hold the belief in Theory Y are likely to exercise a participatory style, discussing with their subordinate voicing their opinion, and encouraging them to take part in decision making (Lewis, Goodman and Fandt 1998, p. 56). Management’s main aim is to structure a proper working environment in order to achieve their higher-order personal goals by achieving organizational objectives (Bloisi, Cook and Hunsaker 2007, p. 205). The organizations of 21st century are in a more dynamic world where technology, education and research and better economic conditions are vastly improving. It becomes gradually more important for managers to hold the set of assumptions about human behaviour that McGregor has proposed in his Theory If an individual holds Theory X assumptions then he will not be logical and responsive to data, therefore, will have limited choice of managerial style. In regard to Theory Y, he can wisely choose from variety of options (Schein 1975, p. 7). Having worked for 15 years in many types of organization, Schein (1975, p. 3) believes that organizations need more Theory Y managers at all levels especially at higher levels. However, few companies still practice Theory X management (Daft 2003, p.48), but many are applying Theory Y concept of management such as Hewllet Packard (Waddell et al. 2007, p. 56) and SOL cleaning service, and it has proved to be a success. They consider everyone equal and value each employee’s contribution (Daft 2003, p.48). According to Kochan, Orlikowski and Gershenfeld (2002, p.4) assumptions characterizing twentieth century refers to Theory X and twenty first century organization’s characteristics refer to Theory Y were explained using people, work, technology leadership and goals. Many organizations have realised the importance of the human capital and are currently try to adopt to change themselves as they recognize. McGregor argued that modern organizations do not take into account the innovativeness of workers. In order to utilize these valuable assets, managers need to provide employees to use their expertise. Thus, provide and create conditions that integrate individual and organisational goals (Boddy and Paton 1998, p. 200-201). McGregor believed that people in twenty first century are more educated and affluent and they are more self controlled (Hersey, Blanchard and Johnson 2001, p. 60). Hence, most of the modern organisations strongly practices management by delegating authority, job enlargement, making work more interesting, with increased level of responsibilities and their share of information and innovations regarding the work content, work design and results (Montana and Charnov 2000, p. 25). Finally, in order to measure the performance of the individual, the organisations have appraisal system which evaluates their performances annually or semi-annually. For example, companies such as General Mills, Ansul Chemicals, and General Electric have been experimenting with performance appraisal approaches (Ott, Parkes and Simpson 2003, p. 168). These managerial propositions are associated best with the Theory Y management style. According Lorshe and Morse (cited in David and Robert 2000, p. 202) in their research of four companies and concluded that successful company in the normal business used a consistent Theory X style and the other in the creative business used theory Y .These theories may be applicable to some organizations and to some cultures. In article, peoples Republic of China, being a communist country has practiced Theory X in the past and has adopted to practice Theory Y style with a productive result (Oh 1976, p. 1). In summary, Theory X and Theory Y have significant impact on modern management styles. The assumptions of these two theories hold the extreme ends and McGregor assumed that people’s behaviour is strongly influenced by their beliefs. His theories have been labelled relating to Taylor and Mayo’s work. As in my opinion there is no one best theory which may fit all organizations. However, more in depth research need to be undertaken to identify and prove which theory does best fits. According to Boddy and Paton (1998, p. 202) many argue that both these theories may be inappropriate in some situations. â€Å"Theory Y is a theory of human motivation, not a theory of how to manage or run an organization† (Schein 1975, p. 1). References Waddell, D, Devine, J, Jones, GR George, JM 2007, Contemporary Management, McGraw-Hill Irwin, North Ryde. Bartol, KM Martin, DC, Management, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill Co, Boston Montana, P Charnov, B 2000, Barron’s Management, 3rd edn, Hauppauge, N.Y Daft, RL 2000, Management, 6th edn, Thomson learning, Ohio Robbins, SP, Millett, B, Cacioppe, R Marsh TW 1998, Organizational behaviour: Learning and managing in Australia and New Zealand, 2nd edn, Prentice Hall, Sydney McGregor, D 1960, The human side of enterprise, McGraw-Hill book company, New York Boddy, D Paton, R 1998, Management: an introduction, Prentice Hall Europe, London Lewis, PS, Goodman, SH Fandt, PM 1998, Management: Challenges in the 21st century, 2nd edn, South-Western College Pub, Cincinnati Bloisi, W, Cook, CW Hunsaker, PL 2007, Management and organisational behaviour, 2nd edn, McGraw-Hill, Berkshire Hersey, P, Blanchard, KH Johnson, DE 2001, Management and organizational behaviour : leading human resources, 8th edn, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River Kopelman, RE, Prottas, DJ Davis, AL 2008, ‘Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Y: toward a construct†valid measure’, Journal of Managerial Issues, vol. 20, no. 2, 255†271, retrieved 22nd March 2011, Ebsco Host Ott, JS, Parkes, SJ Simpson RB 2003, Classical reading in organizational behaviour, 3rd edn, Thomson/Wadsworth, Belmont Schein, EH 1975, ‘In defence of Theory Y’, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 4, Issue 1, p17-30, retrieved 22nd March 2011, Ebsco Host Oh, TK 1976, ‘Theory Y in People’s Republic of China’, California Management Review, Vol. 19, Issue 2, p77-84, retrieved 22nd March 2011, Ebsco Host Urwick, LF 1970, ‘Theory Z’, SAM Advanced Management Journal, Vol. 35, Issue 1, p14, retrieved 28th March 2011, Ebsco Host Kochan, T, Orlikowski,W Gershenfeld JC 2002, ‘Beyond McGregor’s Theory Y:Human Capital and Knowledge-Based Work in the 21st Century Organization’, retrieved 24th March 2011, http://mitsloan.mit.edu/50th/pdf/beyondtheorypaper.pdf

Elian Gonzalez :: essays research papers

At this point, it probably doesn't make much difference if or when Elian Gonzalez is finally extricated from the clutches of his Miami relatives. The damage has already been done. In 10 or 15 years, Elian's much-discussed psychic injuries will or will not have manifested themselves in some regrettable way, but we'll just have to wait and see. And when we get the news of his inevitable breakdown, we'll sit around and tsk-tsk, trying to remember specifics of the half-year melodrama that brought Elian so relentlessly into our homes and water-cooler conversations. Chances are we won't be able to remember exactly what the arguments were for keeping Elian here or for sending him home. Instead, we'll remember media-crafted images, because that's what this whole case has been about. There's no legal or emotional logic; there's only the mind-numbing parade of made-for-television snapshots: The self-righteous Miami Cuban-American community, chanting and mugging for the cameras; the indignant lawyers; the self-serving talking heads and the political posturing. If we're really lucky and concentrate hard, we'll remember the bemused expression of the little boy himself. Who do we have to thank for this montage of manipulation? The media, of course (yours truly included). What began as a human catastrophe (refugees drown at sea, motherless boy picked up by kindly fishermen) has been turned into something far less redeeming than a circus. When this fifth-rate soap opera began, there was talk of various positive, if peripheral, consequences. Could this little boy's plight push the U.S. government into a more reasonable relationship with Cuba? Would there be a heartwarming and speedy reunion between Elian and his father? Might the members of the American media be able to act like adults and take this for what it is: an intensely private family tragedy of a little boy lost? In retrospect, we should have known things would be bad. Elian's damp arrival on our shores interrupted a couple of spectacularly slow months in the nation's newsrooms — there was nothing to hold us back, so we stampeded down to Miami with our microphones amped and our camera lights blazing. Six months later, according to the media mavens at Newswatch.org, Elian has become the most covered media object since O. J. Simpson, surpassing JFK Jr. and even Diana in network stories. Various networks and CNN have cut a deal with the Miami relatives allowing cameras into the house, should INS officials or federal marshals finally make a move to retrieve Elian.